Article 1346-5 of the French Civil Code

The debtor may invoke subrogation as soon as he is aware of it, but it may not be set up against him unless he has been notified of it or has taken note of it.

Subrogation may be set up against third parties as soon as payment has been made.

The debtor may set up against the subrogated creditor the defences inherent in the debt, such as nullity, the defence of non-performance, resolution or set-off of related debts. He may also set up against him defences arising from his dealings with the subrogating creditor before subrogation became enforceable against him, such as the granting of a term, the remission of a debt or the set-off of unrelated debts.

Original in French

Article 1346-5

Le débiteur peut invoquer la subrogation dès qu’il en a connaissance mais elle ne peut lui être opposée que si elle lui a été notifiée ou s’il en a pris acte.

La subrogation est opposable aux tiers dès le paiement.

Le débiteur peut opposer au créancier subrogé les exceptions inhérentes à la dette, telles que la nullité, l’exception d’inexécution, la résolution ou la compensation de dettes connexes. Il peut également lui opposer les exceptions nées de ses rapports avec le subrogeant avant que la subrogation lui soit devenue opposable, telles que l’octroi d’un terme, la remise de dette ou la compensation de dettes non connexes.