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Article 1354 of the French Civil Code

The presumption which the law attaches to certain acts or facts by holding them to be certain exempts the person in whose favour it exists from proving it.

It is said to be simple, when the law reserves proof to the contrary, and may then be rebutted by any means of proof; it is said to be mixed, when the law limits the means by which it may be rebutted or the object on which it may be rebutted; it is said to be irrebuttable when it cannot be rebutted.

Original in French 🇫🇷
Article 1354
La présomption que la loi attache à certains actes ou à certains faits en les tenant pour certains dispense celui au profit duquel elle existe d’en rapporter la preuve.

Elle est dite simple, lorsque la loi réserve la preuve contraire, et peut alors être renversée par tout moyen de preuve ; elle est dite mixte, lorsque la loi limite les moyens par lesquels elle peut être renversée ou l’objet sur lequel elle peut être renversée ; elle est dite irréfragable lorsqu’elle ne peut être renversée.

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