The standard of ethics “securing the interventions of the statutory auditor-application of the fundamental principles of behaviour”, approved by the Minister of Justice, is shown below:
Ethical standard “securing the interventions of the statutory auditor-application of the fundamental principles of behaviour”
Introduction
01. This standard applies to all registered statutory auditors acting in their capacity as statutory auditors, regardless of the engagement they carry out or the service they provide, whether they are a company or an individual practising in their own name or within a company.
02. The statutory auditor shall take an oath to perform the duties of his profession with honour, probity and independence, and to respect and ensure respect for the law.
> The statutory auditor shall take an oath to perform the duties of his profession with honour, probity and independence, and to respect and ensure respect for the law.
03. The status of statutory auditor subjects it to ethical rules that contribute to the confidence that the person or entity that requests it, and more generally any interested third party, may place in its work. Applying these rules enables the statutory auditor to fulfil the duties of his profession.
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04. In his or her personal life, the statutory auditor shall refrain from any action contrary to honour or probity.
When exercising his or her professional activity as a statutory auditor, the statutory auditor shall refrain from any action contrary to honour or probity.
When carrying out his professional activity as defined in articles L. 820-1-1 and R. 820-1-1 of the French Commercial Code, it also complies with the additional provisions laid down by the laws and regulations, including the profession’s code of ethics and in particular the fundamental principles of conduct that it prescribes.
05. If the fundamental principles of conduct are expressly applicable in the practice of the profession, the statutory auditor shall also take them into consideration in all circumstances, including when he is not carrying out an assignment or providing a service, in order to refrain from any action contrary to honour or probity.
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06. The purpose of this standard is to contribute to the security of engagements or services likely to be provided by a statutory auditor by specifying how the fundamental principles of behaviour are to be applied.
The approach usually referred to as “risks and safeguards” implemented by the statutory auditor exposed to the risk of not being able to perform the engagement or service independently and impartially is specifically dealt with in a separate standard.
Definitions
07. Statutory auditor acting in his capacity as statutory auditor: acting in his capacity as statutory auditor results from:
-the legal and regulatory provisions on the basis of which the engagement or service is carried out;
-the reference to the statutory auditor’s status in the documents relating to the engagement or service;
-or the reference in these documents to the application of standards relating to the professional practice of statutory auditors or the professional doctrine drawn up by the Compagnie nationale des commissaires aux comptes.
It may also be the result of a combination of indicators, including the use of the letterhead of a structure whose purpose is the practice of statutory auditing.
08. Engagement: in accordance with article R. 820-1-1 of the French Commercial Code, the term engagement covers:
-the statutory audit engagement and, where applicable, other engagements entrusted by law or regulation to the statutory auditor carrying out the statutory audit of the person or entity; and
-other statutory or regulatory engagements performed by a statutory auditor for a person or entity for which it does not perform the statutory audit engagement. This may include, for example, a contribution, merger or transformation audit.
09. Services: in accordance with Article R. 820-1-1 of the French Commercial Code, the term services covers services and attestations that are not engagements referred to in paragraph 08 of this standard, which a statutory auditor provides to a person or entity for which it may or may not perform the statutory audit engagement. This may include, for example, a contractual financial audit or a review of compliance with a reference framework.
10. Situation at risk: the fact that the statutory auditor is at risk of not being able to carry out the assignment or service independently and impartially. The cause and effects of the situation at risk vary according to the facts and circumstances that characterise it.
11. Objective, reasonable and informed third party: a person who:
-although external to the situation and having no personal interest in it, takes an interest in it;
-has sufficient knowledge to enable him to assess the facts and circumstances of the situation; and
-is able to assess whether these facts and circumstances are objectively such as to give rise to reasonable doubt in his mind as to the statutory auditor’s compliance with the fundamental principles of conduct relating to impartiality and independence and the prevention of conflicts of interest.
Fundamental principles of behaviour
Integrity
12. Article 3 of the Code of Ethics states that “the statutory auditor shall carry out his professional activity with honesty and uprightness. He shall refrain, in all circumstances, from any action contrary to honour and probity”.
13. The requirements of honesty and uprightness dictate the behaviour of the statutory auditor and lead him to refrain from any behaviour sanctioned by the law, such as any disloyal behaviour.
14. In particular, they imply that the statutory auditor:
-does not commit acts punishable under criminal law, such as tax fraud, swindling, forgery or the use of forgeries, or the attempt to commit any of these offences;
does not use for his own personal benefit any confidential information that may come to his knowledge in the course of his duties or services;
– refrains from taking any action that could be construed as a criminal offence, such as tax fraud, fraud, forgery or attempted forgery
refrains from any action based on malicious intent likely to have harmful consequences for the person or entity for which he/she is carrying out an assignment or providing a service;
– maintains the positions that he/she has taken in the course of his/her duties;
– refrains from any action based on malicious intent likely to have harmful consequences for the person or entity for which he/she is carrying out an assignment or providing a service
maintains positions which he has good reason to consider appropriate in the face of other positions which, after being discussed, turn out to be different from his own, regardless of the pressure exerted on him to change his judgement;
– does not evade deliberation on the basis of his own judgement
-does not deliberately evade his obligations. For example, the statutory auditor must comply with the obligation to communicate the information provided for by the legal and regulatory texts to the competent authorities or professional bodies;
-does not lend his assistance to a company that is not in compliance with the law.
-does not lend his assistance to a transaction whose nature appears suspicious to him. For example, the statutory auditor refuses to provide an attestation allowing such a transaction to be carried out;
-does not knowingly associate himself or herself with a transaction that he or she considers suspicious.
-does not knowingly associate himself with the dissemination of information that he believes to be false or misleading. By way of example, the statutory auditor refuses to certify the sincerity of such information.
15. Where the statutory auditor discovers that he has assisted in a suspicious transaction or has been associated with the dissemination of false or misleading information, he shall take appropriate measures without delay.
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Such measures may include:
-Informing the person or entity that it may not use the certificate or report, taking care not to disclose to it information that it does not need to know;
-inform the competent authorities of the situation, where the regulations in force so provide.
Impartiality
16. The first paragraph of Article 4 of the Code of Ethics states that “in the exercise of his professional activity, the statutory auditor shall maintain an impartial attitude in all circumstances. He shall base his conclusions and judgements on an objective analysis of all the data of which he is aware, without prejudice or bias”.
In a second paragraph, it adds that the statutory auditor “shall avoid any situation that would expose him to influences likely to undermine his impartiality”.
The impartial attitude of the statutory auditor is a prerequisite for the performance of his duties.
The impartial attitude of the statutory auditor is assessed in reality and in appearance, which implies that the statutory auditor ensures that, in conscience, but also in the eyes of an objective, reasonable and informed third party, his conclusions or judgements are free, free from any prejudice, or any desire to satisfy a particular interest to the detriment of the general interest.
The statutory auditor shall ensure that his conclusions or judgements are free, free from any prejudice, or any desire to satisfy a particular interest to the detriment of the general interest.
The statutory auditor shall ensure that his conclusions or judgements are free from the influence of any beliefs, animosities, sympathies, or any political or associative commitments.
In doing so, he shall take into account, in particular, the following criteria
To this end, it takes particular account of:
-any direct or indirect personal, financial or professional links, established before or during the performance of the assignment or service, between the person or entity for which he is performing or plans to perform the assignment or service and himself, the partners of the professional practice structure to which he belongs, the employees of this structure and the members of his network; and
-his or her ability to perform the engagement or service independently of the conclusions that the person or entity considering entrusting him or her with the engagement or service or that has entrusted him or her with the engagement or service would like him or her to issue.
17. The assessment of its impartiality in reality implies that the statutory auditor analyses, in a neutral and rigorous manner, without prejudice or bias, all the facts and circumstances that characterise the situation.
18. The assessment of its impartiality in appearance implies that the statutory auditor analyses all the facts and circumstances that characterise the situation by considering what would lead an objective, reasonable and informed third party to conclude that the statutory auditor’s impartiality is affected.
19. Thus, the statutory auditor does not accept an engagement or a service when the facts and circumstances in which it takes place would place him in a prohibited or incompatible situation provided for by the legal and regulatory texts. Nor do they accept an engagement when, after carrying out the approach usually referred to as “risks and safeguards” in accordance with the principles defined in the dedicated standard, they conclude that their impartiality is compromised.
Independence and prevention of conflicts of interest
Independence and prevention of conflicts of interest
20. Article 5 of the Code of Ethics states in point I that “the statutory auditor must be independent of the person or entity to which he provides an engagement or service. He must also avoid placing himself in a situation that could be perceived as compromising the impartial performance of his engagement or service. These requirements shall apply throughout the duration of the assignment or service, both during and outside the performance thereof”.
Point II of this article states that the statutory auditor’s independence is assessed both in reality and in appearance, and guarantees the absence of bias or conflicts of interest in issuing his conclusions, as well as the absence of any risk of self-review.
Lastly, point III sets out the approach usually referred to as “risks and safeguards” that the statutory auditor adopts when exposed to a risky situation, so that his independence is not affected.
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21. Article 5 of the Code of Ethics sets out the principle laid down in article L. 822-10 (1°) of the French Commercial Code, which states that “the duties of a statutory auditor are incompatible with any activity or act that may affect his or her independence”, and the oath taken by the statutory auditor, under which he or she swears to exercise his or her profession with independence.
Independence is both a protection and a duty for the statutory auditor. The statutory auditor must be independent of the entity for which he is carrying out an assignment or providing a service.
Independence is both a protection and a duty for the statutory auditor.
22. The statutory auditor’s independence is assessed both in reality and in appearance, which means that the conclusions he draws at the end of the engagements he performs or the services he provides must not only be trustworthy, but also be perceived as such by an objective, reasonable and informed third party.
This implies:
-that the statutory auditor demonstrates the independence of mind that enables him to issue his conclusions free from any bias, conflict of interest or influence likely to compromise his professional judgement and to exercise his powers and competences with integrity and objectivity; and
-that he avoids placing himself in a situation where an objective, reasonable and informed third party would conclude that he is not independent or that the practice structure to which he belongs is not independent.
23. Thus, the statutory auditor does not accept an engagement or a service when the facts and circumstances in which it takes place would place him in a prohibited or incompatible situation provided for by legal and regulatory texts. Nor do they accept an engagement when, following the implementation of the approach usually referred to as “risks and safeguards” carried out in accordance with the principles defined in the dedicated standard, they conclude that their independence is compromised.
Critical thinking
24. Article 6 of the Code of Ethics states that “in the exercise of his professional activity, the statutory auditor shall adopt a critical attitude”.
This attitude implies that the statutory auditor:
-considers the source of the information gathered and assesses its relevance to the nature and characteristics of the engagement or service;
-keeps an open mind and is receptive to other information, opinions and arguments that might contradict the information gathered and lead him to carry out further work and revise his conclusions, if necessary; and
-appreciates the sufficiency and completeness of the information gathered and its relevance to the task in hand.
-appreciates the sufficiency and appropriateness of the information gathered, ensuring its consistency to be able to reach its conclusions.
25. Throughout the engagement or service, the statutory auditor exercises critical thinking based on his knowledge of the person or entity and its environment.
26. Critical thinking, reinforced by compliance with the other fundamental principles of conduct, supports the exercise of the statutory auditor’s professional judgement during the performance of the engagement or service.
Competence and diligence
27. Article 7 of the Code of Ethics states that “statutory auditors must possess the theoretical and practical knowledge necessary to perform their engagements and services. He shall maintain a high level of competence, in particular by regularly updating his knowledge and participating in training courses”.
It also stipulates that “the statutory auditor shall ensure that his staff have the appropriate skills for the proper performance of the tasks entrusted to them and that they receive and maintain an appropriate level of training”.
It also states that “when the statutory auditor does not have the necessary skills to carry out certain work essential to the performance of his assignment or service himself, he shall call on experts who are independent of the person or entity for whom he is carrying out the work”. The conditions for this are defined in Article 10 of the Code.
Lastly, Article 7 states that “the statutory auditor shall exercise due professional care, which consists in carrying out each assignment or service with diligence and devoting appropriate care to it”.
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28. The acquisition of theoretical and practical knowledge is mainly ensured by meeting the conditions for registration on the list of statutory auditors defined by article L. 822-1-1 of the French Commercial Code and in particular obtaining a certificate of aptitude for the duties of statutory auditor or a chartered accountant’s diploma and completing a professional training period in accordance with the regulations in force.
. This may be the case, for example, when the statutory auditor is a member of a group of audit firms.
-the statutory auditor is considering acting on behalf of a person or entity operating in a sector of activity with specific regulations;
the characteristics of the person or entity and/or its environment have changed due to the occurrence of specific events such as, for example, the admission of its securities to a regulated market or a change in the applicable accounting standards; – the engagement or service requires the statutory auditor to carry out an audit on behalf of a person or entity operating in a sector subject to specific regulations
This may also be the case when, after ceasing to perform his duties as a statutory auditor, he decides to resume his professional activity.
32. The performance of an assignment or service by the statutory auditor implies that he ensures that he has adequate human and material resources.
33. Depending on the characteristics of the engagement or service, the statutory auditor assesses the tasks that he could entrust to his staff and the need to call on experts, it being specified that he cannot delegate his powers to them and that he always retains full responsibility for the engagement or service. .
-by ensuring the appropriateness of the training they receive; and
-supervising their work.
35. The condition laid down in Article 7 that the statutory auditor considers using experts “when he does not have the necessary skills to carry out himself certain work essential to the performance of his assignment or service” means that the expert is a person, natural or legal, who has qualifications and experience in a particular field that the statutory auditor does not have.
36. When using an expert for any assignment or service whatsoever, the statutory auditor shall assess, in addition to the expert’s independence vis-à-vis the entity for which the statutory auditor is carrying out the assignment or service, the expert’s professional competence and reputation in the particular field concerned, taking into account, for example, the expert’s experience, professional qualifications, diplomas or registration on the list of experts approved by a professional body or a court. .
Confraternity
38. The first paragraph of Article 8 of the Code of Ethics states that “while respecting the obligations attached to their professional activity, statutory auditors shall maintain relations of collegiality among themselves. They shall refrain from any act or comment that is disloyal to a colleague or likely to tarnish the image of the profession. “
The second paragraph adds that “they shall endeavour to resolve their professional disputes amicably. If necessary, they shall seek conciliation from the president of their regional company or, if they belong to separate regional companies, from the presidents of their respective companies”.
39. This ethical obligation is based on the fact that statutory auditors belong to a regulated profession and on the terms of their oath of office.
-by not passing unfair or malicious judgement on the work carried out by his colleague when he is working concurrently with the latter for the same person or entity or when he succeeds him in carrying out an assignment or service;
-by having recourse to the conciliation procedure provided for this purpose when a professional dispute arises with a colleague and they are unable to resolve it amicably.
41. Confraternity also implies that the statutory auditor avoids any disloyal act or comment likely to discredit the profession.
In this respect, the auditor must take into account the consequences of non-compliance with certain rules imposed on him, such as those set out in articles 15 and 16 of the code of ethics relating to advertising, personalised solicitation and the provision of on-line services.
Professional secrecy and discretion
42. The first paragraph of Article 9 of the Code of Ethics states that “statutory auditors shall respect the professional secrecy to which they are subject by law. He shall only communicate information in his possession to persons legally qualified to know it”. .
In accordance with the provisions of Article L. 820-5 of the French Commercial Code, a statutory auditor’s failure to observe professional secrecy, except in cases where the law provides for its waiver, gives rise to criminal liability.
44. All facts, acts and information of which the statutory auditor becomes aware as a result of an engagement or service are covered by professional secrecy. The statutory auditor shall not disclose them to anyone, except in cases where the law provides for the lifting of secrecy and under the specific conditions laid down by the texts. It does not matter:
-the means by which the statutory auditor becomes aware of these facts, acts or information;
-the form, written or oral, in which they are communicated to him; and
-whether the assignment or service is in progress or has been completed.
45. The statutory auditor who uses collaborators or experts shall also ensure that the latter, who are also subject to professional secrecy pursuant to the provisions specified in the first paragraph of the aforementioned Article L. 822-15, are instructed in this obligation and its consequences.
46. In the course of carrying out an engagement or providing a service, the statutory auditor may also become aware of information relating to persons or entities other than the one to which he is providing the engagement or service. This may be the case, for example, of a person or entity to whom the statutory auditor is providing an engagement or service.
In these situations, the duty of prudence and discretion in the use of this information to which he is subject, implies that the statutory auditor refrains from making it known unless this is necessary to meet his obligations, in particular those relating to communication to the management of the entity, the bodies mentioned in Article L. 823-16 of the code de commerce or to the competent authorities.
31. In certain circumstances, as long as it is necessary for the performance of his tasks and services, the statutory auditor adds to his knowledge.
This may in particular be the case when he is considering carrying out an assignment or service that requires special qualifications or knowledge. This may be the case when:
-the engagement or service requires the statutory auditor to comply with specific regulations such as, for example, when acting in an entity whose securities are admitted to trading on the US market.
34. The statutory auditor shall ensure that his employees have the appropriate skills for the proper performance of the tasks he entrusts to them, in particular:
37. The professional conscientiousness that statutory auditors must demonstrate implies that they mobilise their skills and those of their staff, as well as their resources, in such a way that the work necessary for the proper and complete performance of the engagement or service is carried out within an appropriate timeframe, with the seriousness, attention and care expected of an organised and diligent professional.
40. Confraternity is expressed by the mutual respect shown by statutory auditors.
It implies that the statutory auditor refrains from any disloyal comment, any malicious attitude or manoeuvre, or any act motivated by the intention to harm a colleague. He shall ensure compliance with this principle in particular:
It adds in a second paragraph that the statutory auditor “shall exercise prudence and discretion in the use of information concerning persons or entities to which he does not provide an engagement or service”.
43. The first paragraph of Article 9 reiterates the principle laid down in Article L. 822-15 of the French Commercial Code according to which, subject to the provisions of Article L. 823-12 and specific legislative provisions and apart from the specific situations specified in Article L. 822-15, the statutory auditor is “[bound] to professional secrecy with regard to the facts, acts and information of which [he] may have become aware by reason of [his] duties”.
This may be the case, for example, of information communicated by the statutory auditors of equity-accounted entities to the statutory auditor of the consolidating entity for the purposes of certifying the financial statements of the said entity.