The professional practice standard relating to knowledge of the entity and its environment and assessment of the risk of material misstatement of the financial statements, approved by the Minister of Justice, is set out below:
UNDERSTANDING THE ENTITY AND ITS ENVIRONMENT AND ASSESSING THE RISK OF MATERIAL MISTAKENESS IN THE ACCOUNTS
Introduction
1. The statutory auditor obtains a sufficient understanding of the entity, including its internal control, to identify and assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements and to design and perform audit procedures that provide a basis for the auditor’s opinion on the financial statements.
2. The purpose of this standard is to set out the principles for obtaining an understanding of the entity and assessing the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements.
Definitions
3. Assertions: criteria whose fulfilment conditions the regularity, fairness and true and fair view of the financial statements.
4. Material: an item is material if its omission or inaccuracy is likely to influence economic decisions or judgements based on the accounts.
5. Material misstatement: inaccurate, inadequate or omitted accounting or financial information, due to error or fraud, of such significance that, alone or in combination with other information, it may influence the judgement of the user of accounting or financial information.
6. Category of transactions: a set of transactions with common characteristics, carried out by the entity during a period and each requiring an accounting entry.
7. Substantive controls: audit procedures performed to detect material misstatements at the assertion level. They include:
– tests of details;
– analytical procedures.
8. Inspection: a control technique that involves:
– examining records or documents, either internal or external, in paper, electronic or other media;
– or carrying out a physical check of tangible assets.
9. Physical observation: a control technique that involves examining the way in which a procedure is carried out within the entity.
10. Analytical procedure: an audit technique that involves assessing financial information based on:
– its correlation with other information, whether or not derived from the accounts, or with previous, subsequent or forecast data for the entity, or similar entities; and
– analysis of unexpected variations or trends.
11. Detail testing: testing of an individual item within a category of transactions, an account balance or a disclosure in the notes to the financial statements.
Getting to know the entity and its environment
12. Obtaining an understanding of the entity enables the auditor to establish a frame of reference within which to plan the audit and exercise professional judgement in assessing and responding to the risk of material misstatement of the accounts throughout the audit.
13. The statutory auditor shall obtain an understanding of:
– the entity’s industry, its regulatory environment, including the applicable financial reporting framework, and other external factors such as general economic conditions;
– the characteristics of the entity that enable the statutory auditor to understand the classes of transactions, account balances and disclosures expected in the notes to the financial statements. These characteristics include, in particular, the nature of its activities, the composition of its capital and corporate governance, its investment policy, its organisation and financing, and the choice of accounting methods applied;
– the entity’s objectives and the strategies implemented to achieve them insofar as these objectives may have financial consequences and, as a result, an impact on the accounts ;
– the measurement and analysis of the entity’s financial performance indicators; these elements indicate to the statutory auditor the financial aspects that management considers to constitute major issues;
– the elements of internal control relevant to the audit.
Acquaintance with the elements of internal control relevant to the audit
14. Obtaining an understanding of the elements of internal control relevant to the audit enables the statutory auditor to identify the types of potential misstatements and to consider the factors that may give rise to risks of material misstatement of the accounts.
The statutory auditor obtains an understanding of the elements of internal control that contribute to preventing the risk of material misstatement of the accounts, taken as a whole and at the assertion level.
To do this, the statutory auditor shall, in particular, obtain an understanding of the following:
– the control environment, which is reflected in the behaviour of the bodies mentioned in Article L. 823-16 of the French Commercial Code and management, their degree of sensitivity and the actions they are taking in terms of internal control;
– the resources put in place by the entity to identify the risks associated with its business and their impact on the accounts and to define the actions to be implemented in response to these risks;
– the internal control procedures in place, and in particular the way in which the entity has taken into account the risks resulting from the use of computerised processing ; these procedures enable management to ensure that its directives are complied with;
– the main resources implemented by the entity to ensure the proper functioning of internal control, as well as the manner in which corrective actions are implemented;
– the information system relating to the preparation of financial information. In this respect, the statutory auditor is particularly interested in:
– the categories of transactions that are material to the accounts taken as a whole;
– the procedures, whether computerised or manual, used to initiate, record and process these transactions and to reflect them in the accounts;
– the corresponding accounting records, both computerised and manual;
– the way in which one-off events, different from recurring transactions, likely to give rise to a risk of material misstatement are handled;
– the process for preparing the financial statements, including significant accounting estimates and significant disclosures in the notes to the financial statements;
– the manner in which the entity communicates about material items of financial information and about individual roles and responsibilities within the entity for financial reporting. In this respect, the statutory auditor is particularly interested in the communication between management and the bodies mentioned in Article L. 823-16 of the French Commercial Code or the supervisory authorities, as well as management’s awareness-raising actions towards members of staff in order to inform them as to the impact that their activities may have on the preparation of financial information.
Assessment of the risk of material misstatement of the financial statements
15. When obtaining an understanding, the statutory auditor identifies and assesses the risk of material misstatement:
– at the level of the accounts taken as a whole; and
– at the level of assertions, for categories of transactions, account balances and disclosures in the notes to the accounts.
The risk assessment at the assertion level is based on the elements collected by the statutory auditor when obtaining an understanding of the entity, but it may be challenged and modified during the audit based on other elements collected during the engagement.
16. The auditor evaluates the design and implementation of the entity’s controls when the auditor is of the opinion that:
– they contribute to preventing the risk of material misstatement of the financial statements, taken as a whole or at the assertion level;
– they relate to an identified high inherent risk that requires a particular audit approach. Such a risk generally relates to transactions that are non-routine because of their size and nature or to items that are subject to interpretation, such as accounting estimates;
– that the elements collected from the substantive controls alone will not enable it to reduce the audit risk to a sufficiently low level to obtain the assurance sought.
17. The auditor’s evaluation of the design and implementation of the entity’s controls involves assessing whether a control, alone or in combination with others, is theoretically capable of preventing, detecting or correcting material misstatements in the financial statements.
Control techniques used to obtain an understanding of the entity and assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements
18. In order to obtain an understanding of the entity and to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, the statutory auditor gathers information by performing the following audit techniques:
– enquiries of management and others within the entity, such as production staff or internal auditors who may provide the auditor with different perspectives for the identification of risks;
– analytical procedures which may, in particular, enable the auditor to identify unusual transactions or events ; and
– physical observations and inspections which may in particular enable the statutory auditor to gather information about the entity, but also to corroborate information gathered from management or other persons within the entity.
19. When the statutory auditor uses information that it has gathered in previous years, it implements procedures to detect any changes that have occurred since then that may affect the relevance of that information.
Exchanges of information within the audit team
20. Members of the audit team discuss the risks of material misstatement of the accounts. The purpose of these discussions is for each member of the audit team to understand the risks that may exist on the items they are responsible for auditing and the possible consequences of their own work on the engagement as a whole.
The statutory auditor determines:
– which members of the audit team participate in these exchanges of information, when they take place, as well as the topics that will be discussed depending on the role, experience and information needs of the members of the team;
– whether it is appropriate to involve in the exchanges any experts that the statutory auditor may have planned to call upon for the purposes of the engagement.
Documentation of work
21. The statutory auditor shall document in his work file:
a) The main elements of the exchanges of information within the audit team, and in particular the important decisions taken as a result of these exchanges;
b) The important elements relating to the obtaining of an understanding of the entity, including each of the elements of internal control whose design and implementation he has assessed, the source of the information obtained and the audit procedures performed;
c) The risks of material misstatement identified and their assessment at the level of the financial statements taken as a whole and at the level of assertions;
d) The assessments required by this standard relating to the controls designed and implemented by the entity.
22. The manner in which the auditor records this information is a matter of professional judgement. It may, for example, be a description in narrative form, questionnaires or even diagrams.
23. The form and level of detail of the information thus recorded depends on the many factors specific to the entity, such as its size, the nature of its operations or its internal control, but also on the audit techniques implemented by the statutory auditor.
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