NATIONAL GUIDELINES FOR HARM REDUCTION INITIATIVES AIMED AT SEX WORKERS
I. – Reference framework
Article L. 1181-1 of the present code, resulting from the law of 13 April 2016 aimed at strengthening the fight against the prostitution system and supporting people in prostitution situations, provides for guidelines defined in a reference framework relating to harm reduction activities. Harm reduction (harm reduction) for people in prostitution aims to prevent the health, psychological and social damage resulting from prostitutional practices. It is aimed at anyone involved in prostitution.
Harm reduction is based both on interventions aimed directly at prostitutes and on the mobilisation of administrations and/or associations to promote their access to rights and overall health.
Those involved, whether health or social work professionals or members of associations, as well as the people for whom these activities are intended, must be protected from incrimination for using or encouraging prostitution. The police and gendarmerie responsible for combating pimping must therefore be aware of the actors and activities involved in harm reduction. Contacts are made between the associations and the police so that these activities can be carried out in conditions that enable them to come into contact with people.
Depending on their head office, associations involved in harm reduction activities make themselves known to the regional health agency. They may also make themselves known to the departmental commission to combat prostitution, pimping and trafficking in human beings for the purposes of sexual exploitation, whose remit is set out in article L. 121-9 of the Code de l’action sociale et des familles.
Local residents and the elected representatives who represent them can be involved in these activities by being informed of the harm reduction principles that guide them, their methods and their results, in order to facilitate the implementation of these actions and to integrate the reduction of nuisance and tension into their objectives.
II. – Objectives of harm reduction activities
The aims of harm reduction activities for people in prostitution are :
1° To prevent severe, acute or chronic infections, non-infectious somatic pathologies and psychological pathologies ;
2° To refer people, as required, to general care services, specialised care services, addiction services, mental health services, social and emergency services, and approved associations responsible for implementing the pathway out of prostitution and into social and professional life;
3° To improve their physical and mental health;
4° To improve their social integration (access to the pathway out of prostitution and into social and professional life, access to housing, social rights, health, protection and assistance systems and social services);
5° To encourage the participation of people in defining and implementing RDR actions as part of a community health approach;
6° Contributing to the collection of data or the improvement of knowledge about the health of people in prostitution.
III. – Methods of intervention
Harm reduction initiatives require contact with people involved in prostitution. This implies a voluntary approach to this group. Setting up a multidisciplinary mobile health and social team can facilitate the implementation of these interventions.
Harm reduction programmes also aim to recognise the lay expertise of the people concerned, and their active and free participation in developing health solutions and combating marginalisation, exclusion and other forms of violation of their rights.
Intervention methods may include
1° Making contact in places frequented by the target group or in specific premises;
2° Mediation with the police so as not to prevent or compromise the effectiveness of harm reduction measures;
3° Unconditional, personalised and confidential reception;
4° Provision of rest areas;
5° Provision and promotion of prevention material;
6° Information on the health risks associated with prostitution;
7° Carrying out screening tests or referring people to specialised screening facilities, in particular free centres for information, screening and diagnosis of sexually transmitted infections (CeGIDD) and family planning or education centres (CPEF);
8° The use of mediators, interpreters and peers (people in prostitution or who have experienced prostitution);
9° Personalised advice in the form of individual or group interviews;
10° Referral and support to general or specialised care services, addiction services, vaccination centres, mental health services, social services and approved associations responsible for implementing the pathway out of prostitution and into social and professional life;
11° The organisation of self-help and peer support;
12° Information and assistance in accessing rights;
13° Health promotion and education;
14° Access to comprehensive prevention, particularly that disseminated and accessible on the Internet and social networks;
15° Prevention of violence;
16° Reducing the risks of addictive behaviour through a Centre d’accueil et d’accompagnement à la réduction des risques pour usagers de drogues (CAARUD) or in partnership with CAARUDs that have been trained and/or made aware of these specific groups;
17° Distribution of food and drink and/or referral to organisations distributing food parcels.
IV. – Improving access to prevention tools
This aims to
1° Preventing the transmission of sexually transmitted infections: distribution of female condoms (internal) and male condoms (external), lubricating gels, etc;
2° Information and referral to facilities authorised to prescribe pre- and post-exposure HIV treatment;
3° Screening: distribution of self-tests for sexually transmitted infections, self-tests for pregnancy and self-sampling;
4° Prevention of unwanted pregnancies: distribution of non-medicated contraceptive devices available without prescription;
5° Distribution of appropriate guides and brochures aimed at promoting health, raising awareness of rights and dealing with situations that endanger the physical and/or psychological integrity of people in prostitution;
6° Offering appropriate harm reduction equipment to drug users;
7° Offering special access to showers or water points day and night to improve hygiene (gel, soap, etc.).
V. – Information, guidance and support
Information uses cultural codes, respects fundamental human rights and the languages of the populations concerned, and can be disseminated using any form of written, computer, audiovisual or telephone medium. It can be used to describe behaviours, gestures and procedures for prevention and risk reduction. The rights of people in prostitution must be recalled and respected.
A. – Information covers :
1° The pathologies encountered by people in prostitution :
– exposure to HIV/AIDS, sexually transmitted infections (STIs) (chlamydia, gonorrhoea, syphilis, papillomavirus and herpes) and viral hepatitis ;
– certain gynaecological disorders (vaginosis, candidiasis, pelvic inflammation and cytological abnormalities) and proctological disorders (anal fissure, haemorrhoids, anal fistula);
– dermatological, oral and dental pathologies;
– psycho-traumatic disorders or injuries;
2° Vaccinations, in particular against the hepatitis B virus and the papillomavirus;
3° HIV pre- and post-exposure treatment and how to access it;
4° Screening for sexually transmitted infections, including HIV and viral hepatitis;
5° Treatment of STIs, HIV/AIDS and viral hepatitis;
6° The different contraceptive methods available, including emergency contraception;
7° Other risks associated with prostitution:
– the risk of unwanted pregnancy and its consequences: continuation or termination of pregnancy (IVG) ;
– the risks of physical and psychological violence and their prevention (self-defence strategies);
– the specific risks associated with certain sexual practices;
8° Risks associated with the use of legal (tobacco, alcohol) or illegal psychoactive substances and their association with alcohol and/or medication;
9° Risks associated with the use of liquid silicone injections for transgender people without medical supervision;
10° Risks associated with hormone treatments for transgender people and self-medication (cortisone, antibiotics);
11° General or specialised care services, addiction services, mental health services and social assistance services and how to access them;
12° Information on protection and assistance systems;
13° The pathway out of prostitution and towards social and professional integration, and the approved associations responsible for its implementation;
14° Social telephone services;
15° Emergency numbers;
16° Specialised prevention and information websites;
17° The rights and procedures for filing a complaint in the event of violence.
B. – Referrals are made to :
1° General or specialised care services, including emergency services;
2° Associations and structures authorised to carry out rapid diagnostic tests (TROD);
3° Screening centres, in particular CeGIDDs and CPEFs;
4° Addiction treatment, support and prevention centres (CSAPA), CAARUDs and low-risk consumption rooms (SCMR);
5° Services responsible for managing pregnancies in the event of continued or interrupted use;
6° Services providing pre- and post-exposure HIV treatment;
7° Police and gendarmerie services duly trained to deal specifically with cases of violence;
8° Social services specialising in access to rights;
9° Approved associations responsible for implementing the pathway out of prostitution and into social and professional life;
10° Protection and assistance services;
11° Emergency accommodation.
VI. – Dissemination of health alerts
In the context of risk reduction measures, information is disseminated to prostitutes present on the intervention sites by all appropriate means and by the health authorities concerned:
1° In the event of a defect in prevention equipment or a recall of a medical device from the market: condoms, self-tests, rapid diagnostic tests (TROD), or others ;
2° In the event of health alerts for the populations concerned: grouped cases of sexually transmitted infections, other infectious diseases such as meningococcus, toxicity of illegal psychoactive substances in circulation, or any other pathology.
VII. – Places of intervention
To facilitate contact with sex workers, harm reduction activities are carried out during the day and at night, including weekends and public holidays. These activities may be carried out on specific premises or in mobile facilities (buses, etc.), as well as in any public place frequented by people in prostitution, taking care to increase the number of opportunities to meet, particularly in :
1° Public places frequented by prostitutes (streets, green spaces, stations, etc.);
2° Temporary public, festive, cultural and sporting gatherings;
3° Commercial or private premises, including nightclubs, massage parlours, bars and saunas, with the agreement of the owners or managers;
4° Internet dating sites, classified ad sites and social networks;
5° Housing complexes.
VIII. – Participants in harm reduction activities
Harm reduction activities are carried out by health, social and educational professionals, mediators (mediators, interpreters, Internet forum moderators), humanitarian associations, community health associations or any association involved in this field. Workers may be paid or voluntary.
Harm reduction is a complementary approach to care, based on the absence of demands, non-judgement, without promoting or condemning the practices concerned, and on the unconditional nature of the support provided.
Peers can take part in harm reduction activities.
Those involved must be trained in harm reduction, in personalised counselling methods in the form of individual or group interviews, in the community health approach, in the prevention of health, psychological and social risks, and/or be supported by experienced and competent professionals.
IX. – Confidentiality
Interventions are carried out in such a way as to guarantee the anonymity of those involved in prostitution. Exchanges with service providers are confidential. Any individual information gathered in this context must be stored in conditions that guarantee confidentiality, in accordance with the law.
X. – Participation in the testing of new prevention tools or strategies
The teams and people directly concerned may take part in the evaluation of new prevention tools or strategies that help to reduce risks, with a view, where appropriate, to adapting them to the needs and practices of populations involved in prostitution.