Title II: Action.

The action is the right, for the author of a claim, to be heard on the merits of that claim so that the judge can say it is well-founded or ill-founded. For the opponent, the action is the right to discuss the merits of that claim.

The action is open to all those who have a legitimate interest in the success or rejection of a claim, subject to cases in which the law attributes the right to act only to persons whom it qualifies to raise or combat a claim, or to defend a specific interest.

Any claim made by or against a person without the right to act is inadmissible.

Any person who takes legal action in a dilatory or abusive manner may be ordered to pay a civil fine of up to 10,000 euros, without prejudice to any damages that may be claimed.