Subsection 1: General provisions

No one may constitute a title to himself.

Proof of a legal act may be pre-constituted by a writing in authentic form or under private signature.

The written word consists of a sequence of letters, characters, numbers or any other signs or symbols with an intelligible meaning, whatever their medium.

An electronic document has the same evidential value as a paper document, provided that the person from whom it emanates can be duly identified and that it is drawn up and stored in conditions that guarantee its integrity.

The signature required to perfect a legal act identifies its author. It manifests his consent to the obligations arising from that act. When it is affixed by a public official, it confers authenticity on the act. When it is electronic, it consists of the use of a reliable identification process guaranteeing its link with the act to which it is attached. The reliability of this process is presumed, in the…

In the absence of provisions or agreements to the contrary, the judge shall settle conflicts of evidence in writing by determining by any means the most likely title.