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Article 16 of the French Code of civil procedure

The judge must, in all circumstances, observe and observe himself the principle of contradiction.

He may not retain, in his decision, the pleas, explanations and documents put forward or produced by the parties unless they have been able to debate them in adversarial proceedings.

He may not base his decision on the pleas of law that he has raised of his own motion without first inviting the parties to present their observations.

Original in French 🇫🇷
Article 16

Le juge doit, en toutes circonstances, faire observer et observer lui-même le principe de la contradiction.

Il ne peut retenir, dans sa décision, les moyens, les explications et les documents invoqués ou produits par les parties que si celles-ci ont été à même d’en débattre contradictoirement.

Il ne peut fonder sa décision sur les moyens de droit qu’il a relevés d’office sans avoir au préalable invité les parties à présenter leurs observations.

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