Section VI: Contradiction.

No party may be tried without having been heard or called.

The parties must make known to each other in good time the grounds of fact on which they base their claims, the evidence they produce and the pleas in law they rely on, so that each is in a position to organise its defence.

The judge must, in all circumstances, observe and observe himself the principle of contradiction. He may not retain, in his decision, the pleas, explanations and documents put forward or produced by the parties unless they have been able to debate them in adversarial proceedings. He may not base his decision on the pleas of law that he has raised of his own motion without first inviting the parties to present…

Where the law permits or necessity dictates that a measure be ordered without the knowledge of a party, that party shall have an appropriate remedy against the decision which adversely affects him.