1. Anyone who has participated as an interested party in any way in the offences provided for in articles 414, 414-2 and 415 shall be liable to the same penalties as the perpetrators of the offence and, in addition, to the disqualification penalties provided for in article 432 below.
2. The following are deemed to be interested parties
a) Natural or legal persons who have an interest in the fraud ;
b) those who have cooperated in any way whatsoever in a series of acts carried out by a number of individuals acting in concert, according to a fraud plan drawn up to ensure the result pursued in common;
c) those who have knowingly either covered up the actions of fraudsters or attempted to procure impunity for them, or purchased or held, even outside the radius, goods resulting from the offence of smuggling or undeclared importation.
3. The interest in the fraud cannot be imputed to the person who acted in a state of necessity or as a result of an invincible error.