PROFESSIONAL REFERENCES
Although sport in France today meets a variety of social expectations (health, leisure, socialising, education, etc.), sport practised in a competitive context remains a fundamental part of the sector’s identity.
They underpin the originality of the legal organisation of French sport, a mixed system based on the logic of associations and public authorities through the delegation given to certain federations.
This delegation leads to a particular form of organisation in preparation for competition: training.
Building a range of diplomas in the field of sports coaching in line with changes in the professions and the expectations of those involved is a prerequisite for maintaining France’s place on the international sports scene, particularly at a time when the renewal of technical staff is set to accelerate.
This overhaul began with the creation of a new diploma, the “brevet professionnel de la jeunesse, de l’éducation populaire et du sport” (BPJEPS), in response to the needs clearly expressed by the sector: “leaders developing skills covering all areas of youth work and sport at level IV”. In the field of sport, this also covers preparation for the first level of competition.
This renovation is now being pursued through the construction of a level II qualification which aims to structure the sector by recognising a professional management function in the field of coaching.
1. Presentation of the professional sector
The coaching and sports performance preparation sector is based on the following two sub-sectors: the federal sector and the professional sector.
As far as the federal sector is concerned, it should be remembered that this includes all the sports associations under the “1901 law” whose aim is to prepare, participate in and organise sports competitions within the framework of national federations approved by the State. From this point of view, this sector is essentially made up of Olympic (29 federations) and non-Olympic (59 federations) single-sport federations.
The total number of these associations is around 85,000, including 75,000 clubs active in Olympic sport. Of this total, it appears that around 30% of competitive sports associations employ one or more employees, mainly because :
– Only a third of them have more than 100 members;
– 70% of clubs have a budget of less than €30,000.
It should be noted that it is difficult to assess the volume of employment in this sector, particularly due to the significant proportion of part-time jobs.
In terms of the number of people practising sport, this is the sector that issues the largest proportion of sports licences. There are 7,900,000 licence holders (58% of all licence holders), including 670,000 in the Olympic federations.
With regard to professional sport in particular, the study produced by AFRAPS-RUNOPES (1) highlights the following numbers: 543 trainers, 200 physical trainers and 40 mental trainers.
(1) Le Roux (N.), Camy (J.) (2002), L’Emploi sportif, Editions AFRAPS RUNOPES.
2. Description of the profession
2.1. Designations
A certain number of names are used today: director, sports director, technical director, technical manager, executive trainer, etc.
2.2 Employing companies and organisations
These activities are carried out by sports associations affiliated to a sports federation or by companies in the professional sports sector.
2.3. Public concerned
These professionals may be required to work with all competitive publics.
2.4. Scope and nature of work
Although management functions are by their very nature multiple and complex, they are particularly unique in the field of coaching insofar as :
– activity in this field is based on the pursuit of performance in the form of sporting results ;
– it naturally relies on intersecting forms of expertise of an institutional, economic, disciplinary and technical nature… ;
– it is part of a complex web of relationships and networks which requires skills aimed at creating synergies to optimise sporting performance. The complexity of the context in which they work means that these professionals are constantly faced with contradictory constraints and dilemmas (2) ;
– sports directors carry out their professional activities under the authority (legal subordination) of a board of directors, a chairman or a person delegated for this purpose. This special position vis-à-vis elected representatives, with whom they are interdependent, requires special skills in terms of “managing relations with an elected authority”;
– they are responsible for the quality of individual and/or collective relations with competitors.
In this context, the ways in which this professional works are part of a collective and partnership approach and raise awareness of the environment and sustainable development in order to :
– prepare a strategic performance plan for a particular discipline ;
– manage a training system
– manage a sports project
– evaluate a training system;
– organise training courses for trainers as part of the organisation’s professional networks.
(2) See the study report on the professional and training reference frameworks for national performance project manager coaches (2006), MJSVA-INSEP.
2.5. Functional situation
The profession is carried out by men and women, most of whom work full-time. The latter sometimes work hours adapted to the functional realities of the organisation.
Their status is generally “employees on fixed-term contracts” and these professionals express the feeling of being in a precarious situation.
2.6. Autonomy and responsibility
This professional’s activities involve the permanent delegation of responsibility for the collective, technical and financial implementation of the organisation’s business plan.
2.7. Job opportunities and career development
Access to these jobs, preceded by experience in sports coaching and personal practice of the discipline, corresponds for some professionals to the culmination of their career. For others, these positions are a stepping stone towards jobs with a more established research or management dimension in the sector.
3. Description of activities
The professional activities concerned are classified into five main groups of non-hierarchical professional activities:
A. – Preparing the strategic performance plan for a given subject area :
– Analysing the economic, social, political and cultural characteristics of the reference discipline ;
– Analyses the factors involved in individual or collective sports performance in his/her field of expertise;
– set up a strategic watch on the field of sport;
– Analyses the impact of public policies on the organisation’s activities;
– exchanges within the framework of stakeholder networks;
– develops tools for analysing performance in his/her field of expertise;
– formalises strategic diagnoses for the organisation’s elected representatives;
– shares strategic analyses with management bodies;
– mobilises internal resources in the preparation of a sports development project;
– leads a project engineering approach;
– designs a policy for identifying young athletes;
– proposes development scenarios likely to meet the demands of the prescribers within the framework of sporting objectives;
– formalises a development project;
– prepares funding applications;
– it plans a strategy for implementing the development project;
– transmitting the information required for decision-making;
– prepares the work of decision-making meetings.
B. – Managing a training system:
– organises the training system;
– organises the various delegations;
– Defines the focus of athletes’ physical preparation;
– defines the focus of athletes’ mental preparation, respecting the moral and physical integrity of the individual;
– it draws up a policy for the social and professional support of the athletes in its care;
– anticipates changes in staffing requirements for the sports project;
– assist the team in analysing its work organisation;
– negotiates the staff training plan;
– draws up budget forecasts for the sports department;
– organises the financial operations of the sports department;
– organises the implementation of partnership initiatives.
C. – Managing the sports project :
– directs the training system in the discipline ;
– prescribes the organisation of team work;
– ensures compliance with the various work protocols established;
– support the athlete in optimising performance;
– supervises athletes in competition;
– Analyses the behaviour of the athlete in his/her charge during the competition;
– Analyses the performance of the athlete in his/her charge during the competition;
– analyses the performance of other athletes during the competition;
– implements mediation of a strategic, technical, physical or relational nature;
– organises exchanges of practice with a technical team;
– Manage social relations within the sports department;
– controls the implementation of administrative procedures within the sports department;
– controls the various budget implementation procedures within the sports department;
– negotiates with the organisation’s service providers;
– supervise a group in the activity for which you are responsible;
– carry out the professional gestures necessary for the safety of competitors;
– give safe technical demonstrations in the discipline for which he/she is qualified;
– ensure the safety of participants and third parties;
– checks the conformity of the technical equipment required to perform the activity for which he is qualified;
– checks that workplaces comply with health and safety standards;
– conducts public relations activities;
– managing relations with the media.
D. – Evaluating the training system:
– formalises sports reports ;
– Evaluating the work system;
– assesses the members of the technical team;
– reports on the implementation of the delegation;
– assesses the relevance of the sports department’s administrative operations;
– it analyses the profit and loss account and the annual balance sheet;
– explaining any discrepancies between results and objectives;
– it proposes new development perspectives to the governing bodies.
E. – Organise training courses for trainers as part of the organisation’s professional networks:
– designs training programmes tailored to the needs of the organisation’s professional networks ;
– coordinating the implementation of the training programmes decided upon;
– He/she leads training initiatives for trainers;
– taking part in professional exchanges as part of training for trainers;
– draws up reports and educational assessments.