Section 1: Rights of the usufructuary

In all other cases, the usufructuary may not touch the tall trees: he may only use, to make the repairs for which he is liable, trees uprooted or broken by accident; he may even, for this purpose, have them felled if necessary, but on condition that he establishes the need with the owner.

He may take, in the woods, stiles for the vines; he may also take, from the trees, annual or periodic products; all according to the use of the country or the custom of the owners.

Fruit trees that die, and even those that are uprooted or broken by accident, belong to the usufructuary, with the obligation to replace them with others.

The usufructuary may enjoy by himself, lease to another, even sell or transfer his right free of charge. Leases which the usufructuary alone has made for a period which exceeds nine years are, in the event of cessation of the usufruct, obligatory with regard to the bare owner only for the time which remains to run, either of the first nine-year period, if the parties are still in it, or…

The usufructuary enjoys the increase that has occurred by alluvium to the object of which he has the usufruct.

He shall enjoy the rights of easement, of passage, and generally all the rights which the owner may enjoy, and he shall enjoy them as the owner himself.

He shall also enjoy, in the same manner as the owner, mines and quarries which are in operation at the opening of the usufruct; and nevertheless, if it is a question of an operation which cannot be made without a concession, the usufructuary may not enjoy them until he has obtained the permission of the President of the Republic. He has no right to mines and quarries not yet opened,…

The owner may not, by his act, or in any manner whatsoever, prejudice the rights of the usufructuary. For his part, the usufructuary may not, on the cessation of the usufruct, claim any compensation for any improvements he may claim to have made, even though the value of the thing was increased thereby. He may, however, or his heirs, remove any mirrors, pictures or other ornaments that he may have…