Article 1182 of the French Civil Code

Confirmation is the act by which the person who could rely on nullity waives it. This act mentions the subject-matter of the obligation and the defect affecting the contract.

Confirmation can only take place after the contract has been concluded.

Voluntary performance of the contract, with knowledge of the cause of nullity, is equivalent to confirmation. In the case of violence, confirmation can only occur after the violence has ceased.

Confirmation entails renunciation of pleas and exceptions that could have been opposed, without prejudice nevertheless to the rights of third parties.

Original in French

Article 1182

La confirmation est l’acte par lequel celui qui pourrait se prévaloir de la nullité y renonce. Cet acte mentionne l’objet de l’obligation et le vice affectant le contrat.

La confirmation ne peut intervenir qu’après la conclusion du contrat.

L’exécution volontaire du contrat, en connaissance de la cause de nullité, vaut confirmation. En cas de violence, la confirmation ne peut intervenir qu’après que la violence a cessé.

La confirmation emporte renonciation aux moyens et exceptions qui pouvaient être opposés, sans préjudice néanmoins des droits des tiers.