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Article 1156 of the French Civil Code

An act performed by a representative without authority or in excess of his authority is unenforceable against the principal, unless the contracting third party legitimately believed in the reality of the representative’s authority, in particular because of the principal’s conduct or statements.

Where he was unaware that the act was performed by a representative without authority or beyond his powers, the contracting third party may invoke its nullity.

Neither the unenforceability nor the nullity of the act may be invoked once the principal has ratified it.

Original in French 🇫🇷
Article 1156

L’acte accompli par un représentant sans pouvoir ou au-delà de ses pouvoirs est inopposable au représenté, sauf si le tiers contractant a légitimement cru en la réalité des pouvoirs du représentant, notamment en raison du comportement ou des déclarations du représenté.

Lorsqu’il ignorait que l’acte était accompli par un représentant sans pouvoir ou au-delà de ses pouvoirs, le tiers contractant peut en invoquer la nullité.

L’inopposabilité comme la nullité de l’acte ne peuvent plus être invoquées dès lors que le représenté l’a ratifié.

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