Article R2122-11 of the French Public procurement code
A contracting entity may award a contract without prior advertising or competitive tendering:1° For the purposes of research, experimentation, study or development, without the objective of profitability or amortisation of research and development costs. The award of such a contract must not prejudice the competitive tendering of subsequent contracts which pursue the same objectives;2° The object of which is the purchase of supplies which can be acquired by taking advantage…