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Article 1151 of the French Civil Code

The capable contracting party may oppose the action for nullity brought against him by establishing that the act was useful to the protected person and free from lesion or that it benefited the protected person. He may also oppose the action for nullity by confirming the act by his co-contractor who has become or has become capable again.

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Article 1152 of the French Civil Code

The limitation period for the action runs: 1° In respect of acts performed by a minor, from the day of majority or emancipation; 2° In respect of acts performed by a protected adult of full age, from the day on which he became aware of them when he was in a position to perform them validly again; 3° With regard to the heirs of the person under guardianship or curatorship…

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Article 1154 of the French Civil Code

Where the representative acts within the limits of his powers in the name and on behalf of the principal, the latter alone is bound by the undertaking thus contracted. Where the representative declares that he is acting on behalf of another but contracts in his own name, he alone is bound with regard to the other contracting party.

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Article 1155 of the French Civil Code

Where the representative’s power is defined in general terms, it covers only conservatory and administrative acts. Where the power is specially determined, the representative may only perform the acts for which he is authorised and those which are incidental thereto.

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Article 1156 of the French Civil Code

An act performed by a representative without authority or in excess of his authority is unenforceable against the principal, unless the contracting third party legitimately believed in the reality of the representative’s authority, in particular because of the principal’s conduct or statements. Where he was unaware that the act was performed by a representative without authority or beyond his powers, the contracting third party may invoke its nullity. Neither the…

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Article 1157 of the French Civil Code

Where the representative misuses his powers to the detriment of the principal, the latter may invoke the nullity of the act performed if the third party was aware of the misuse or could not have been unaware of it.

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Article 1158 of the French Civil Code

A third party who is in doubt as to the extent of the contractual representative’s authority in connection with an act which he is about to enter into may request the principal in writing to confirm, within a period which he shall specify and which must be reasonable, that the representative is authorised to enter into that act. The writing shall state that, in the absence of a reply within…

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Article 1159 of the French Civil Code

The establishment of legal or judicial representation divests the principal, for its duration, of the powers transferred to the representative. Conventional representation leaves the principal to exercise his rights.

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