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Article 117 of the French Code of civil procedure

The following constitute substantive irregularities affecting the validity of the deed: Lack of capacity to bring legal proceedings; Lack of authority of a party or a person appearing in the proceedings as the representative either of a legal person or of a person who is incapacitated; The lack of capacity or authority of a person providing legal representation for a party.

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Article 118 of the French Code of civil procedure

Pleas of nullity based on failure to comply with the substantive rules relating to pleadings may be raised in any event, unless otherwise provided and except for the possibility that the judge may order those who have refrained, with dilatory intent, from raising them earlier to pay damages. .

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Article 119 of the French Code of civil procedure

Objections to nullity based on failure to comply with the substantive rules relating to procedural documents must be upheld without the person invoking them having to justify a grievance and even though the nullity would not result from any express provision.

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Article 122 of the French Code of civil procedure

A plea of inadmissibility is any ground which tends to have the opponent declared inadmissible in his claim, without examination of the merits, for lack of right to act, such as lack of standing, lack of interest, prescription, time limit, res judicata.

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Article 125 of the French Code of civil procedure

A plea of inadmissibility must be raised of the court’s own motion where it is a matter of public policy, in particular where it arises from failure to comply with the time limits within which appeals must be lodged or from failure to open an appeal. The court may raise of its own motion a plea of inadmissibility based on lack of interest, lack of standing or res judicata.

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Article 126 of the French Code of civil procedure

Where the situation giving rise to the plea of inadmissibility is capable of being regularised, the inadmissibility will be set aside if its cause has disappeared by the time the judge rules. The same applies where, before any time limit, the person with standing becomes a party to the proceedings.

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