Article 21 of the French Code of civil procedure
November 8, 2023
It is part of the judge’s mission to reconcile the parties.
It is part of the judge’s mission to reconcile the parties.
Debates are held in public, except where the law requires or permits them to be held in chambers.
The judge is not required to use an interpreter where he knows the language in which the parties are speaking.
If one of the parties is deaf, the judge shall designate to assist him or her, by non-appealable order, an interpreter in sign language or in completed spoken language, or any qualified person who has mastered a language or method enabling communication with the deaf. The judge may also use any technical device enabling communication with this party. However, the previous paragraph does not apply if the deaf party appears…
The parties are required to maintain the respect due to justice. The judge may, depending on the seriousness of the breaches, issue injunctions, even of his own motion, delete writings, declare them libellous, order the printing and posting of his judgments.
The judge rules on non-contentious matters when, in the absence of litigation, he is seized of a claim which the law requires, by reason of the nature of the case or the status of the claimant, to be submitted to his control.
The judge may base his decision on all the facts relating to the case before him, including those that may not have been alleged.
The judge shall carry out all useful investigations, even of his own motion. He shall have the right to hear, without formality, persons who can enlighten him and those whose interests are likely to be affected by his decision.
The judge may rule without debate.
A third party may be authorised by the judge to consult the case file and have a copy issued to him, if he can justify a legitimate interest.
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is a Registered Trademark of
PETROFF LAW FIRM (SELARL LEGASTRAT)
182, rue de Rivoli
75001, Paris France
RCS Paris n°814433470
Paris Bar Registration n° (Toque) C2396
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is a Registered Trademark of
PETROFF LAW FIRM (SELARL LEGASTRAT)
182, rue de Rivoli
75001, Paris France
RCS Paris n°814433470
Paris Bar Registration n° (Toque) C2396
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